RAIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

UMLER

Another piece to the equipment identifying process is UMLER, which stands for Universal Machine Language Equipment Register, UMLER is a database that contains the Railway Equipment Register car information and is used by all railroads to verify that cars being billed exist. A car that does not show in the UMLER file will be rejected by the railroad until the car number has been corrected.

Railinc maintains the UMLER file for all railroads.

You can find most of what you need to know about any railcar by reading its markings.  Stenciled on the sides of every railroad freight car, you will usually find:

THE CAR INITIAL INDICATING THE CAR OWNER

THE CAR NUMBER ASSIGNED BY THE OWNER

THREE TYPES OF CAR WEIGHT

INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS

THE PLATE IDENTIFYING THE SIZE OF THE CAR

THE MECHANICAL DESIGNATION THAT IDENTIFIES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAR

For the car initial and number, you can see both carrier owned car numbers as well as customer owned or leased car numbers. All private cars (customer owned or leased) will have the car initial ending in the letter X. This limits what the railroads can do with this type of car, they cannot reload the car for any other customer, and they cannot charge demurrage for the car when on a customer’s facility. An example of both types of car initials is as follows:
Private cars will have one that is owned by the shipper or from one of the leasing companies:

A car owned by a railroad would be like the following:

Railroads can have many different car initials that they own and use. Over the years as the railroads have merged the railcars have continued to show the old railroad name and not the new railroad name. For example, CSXT has marks of CO, BO, SCL, ACL to name a few.

In addition to the car initial and number stenciled on the car is the weight information that the car can be loaded to. This gives both the shipper and carrier the information needed to determine if a car has been overloaded and could be problem as the car is moved to destination. What this tells is the maximum load limit the car may be loaded to, the tare weight of the empty car and in some instances the net weight that can be loaded. The following is a good explanation of these terms:

WEIGHT

DESCRIPTION

GROSS – TOTAL WEIGHT OF CAR AND ITS CONTENTS

TARE – WEIGHT OF EMPTY CAR – CLEAN AND DRY

NET – WEIGHT OF CONTENTS OR COMMODITY ONLY

(GROSS – TARE) = NET

RAIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Box Car Mechanical Designation and Markings

The following are a few of the Mechanical Designations in use just for Box Cars.  The combinations of markings seem to be unlimited, but each does mean something very specific and important when looking for a specific car type for a customer need.

Boxcar for general service equipped with side or side and end doors 

Non-insulated boxcar similar design to XM, designed and specially prepared with a US Food and Drug Administration approved white epoxy or other comparable white coating to seal interior walls, doors, and ends, and provide a smooth, durable surface to prevent contamination.

Loader equipped. Similar in design to XM, with steel perforated side walls or equipped with interior side rails for securement of certain types of lading and/or permanently attached movable bulkheads.

Boxcar similar in design to XM, but specially equipped, designed, and/or structurally suitable for a specific commodity loading

When searching for a specially equipped car type, first the car type is identified and then any special identifications are shown by the second identifying mark. This is invaluable when locating specific types of equipment for a customer without having a specific car number to look up.

Another type of marking is that of the AAR Car Type Code. The four-digit code is different from the mechanical designation and provides much more specific information about a car. For example, the AAR code of B209 means, and should not be confused with the Mechanical Designation, as follows:

RAIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Rail Equipment Mechanical Designation and Equipment Markings

The OFFICIAL RAILWAY EQUIPMENT REGISTER was developed to comply with the order of the ICC in 1912 so that there was a single source to identify cars in the transportation system. The register provides references in classifications and tariffs as well as complete information about any car used to transport freight.

Mechanical designations are found in the Official Railway Equipment Register and they help to identify the proper piece of equipment for specialized loading. For example, paper industry shippers trying to find cars equipped for paper loading would look to first find the designations for a Boxcar by looking for the letter “X” in the register and then locate the second letter designation of “P” which identifies the car as one that is in paper loading service. 

The following is a look at the Mechanical Designation for all the car types.

First Letter Designation

A     EQUIPPED BOX CARS

B     UNEQUIPPED BOX CARS

C     COVERED HOPPER CARS

D     LOCOMOTIVE

E     EQUIPPED GONDOLA

F     FLAT CARS

G     UNEQUIPPED GONDOLA

H     UNEQUIPPED HOPPER

J     GONDOLA CAR

K     EQUIPPED HOPPER CARS

L     SPECIAL TYPE CARS

M    M-O-W, SCALE, PASSENGER, CABOOSE, AND END-OF-TRAIN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

P     CONVENTIONAL INTERMODAL CARS

Q     LIGHTER WEIGHT, LOW-PROFILE INTERMODAL CARS

Second Letter Designation

A    AUTOMOBILE RACK

B    BUNKERLESS

L     INSULATED LOADING/STOWING

M     GENERAL SERVICE

P     PAPER

S     MODIFIED FOR SPECIAL COMMODITIES

RAIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Rail Equipment

In this section we look at the freight railcar types in use today and identify some of the types of material each carries.  We also look at how to identify cars by their markings.

Railcar Classifications

There are eight primary different railcar classifications; each is used for different types of material loading.  We manage shipments in almost all the classifications shown below, and our team understands what each of them is designed to haul.

Other types of cars

RAIL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Terminal/Yard Basic Purpose of Yard

A rail yard is a complex series of railroad tracks for storing, sorting, or loading/unloading, railroad cars and/or locomotives. Railroad yards have many tracks in parallel for keeping rolling stock stored off the mainline, so that they do not obstruct the flow of traffic. Railroad cars are moved around by specially designed yard switchers, a type of locomotive. Cars in a railroad yard may be sorted by numerous categories, including railroad company, loaded or unloaded, destination, car type, or whether they need repairs. Many large yards may have a tower to control operations.

Yard Types

Classification Yard

Freight trains consist of individual railcars that must be built into trains sorted/arranged by each railcar’s destination. This is typically done in a Classification Yard.  A classification yard is a railroad yard used to organize railcars by destination. The cars are sent through a series of switches called a “ladder” on to classification tracks.  Larger yards tend to put the track on an artificially built hill called a hump to use the force of gravity to propel the cars through the ladder. The world’s largest classification yard is a hump yard. The Bailey Yard in North Platte, NE on the UP is the largest classification yard in the world.  Other large US classification yards include: the Argentine Yard in Kansas City on the BNSF, the Robert Young Yard in Elkhart, IN on the NS, the Clearing Yard in Chicago operated by the BRC, the Englewood Yard in Houston on the UP, and the Waycross Yard in Waycross, GA on the CSXT.

Flat Yard

A Flat Yard is a type of Classification Yard where the tracks lead into one main track with many switches at one or both ends of the yard where the cars are pushed to sort them into the right track. There are many medium-sized flat yards in the USA and also some which are quite large such as Settegast Yard in Houston on the UP, the Decatur Yard in Decatur, IL on the BNSF, and the East Joliet Yard in Joliet, IL on the CN.

Hump Yard

These are the largest and most effective classification yards with the largest switching capacity – often several thousand cars a day. The heart of these yards is the hump: a lead track on a hill (hump) over which the cars are pushed by the engine. Single cars, or some coupled cars in a block, are uncoupled just before or at the crest of the hump and roll by gravity into their destination tracks.  

Receiving Yard

Also called an arrival yard.  A Receiving Yard is part of a larger rail yard where locomotives are detached from freight cars, cars are inspected for mechanical problems, and cars are blocked before being sent into a classification yard.

Transload Yard

A Transload Yard is usually part of a larger rail yard where cars can be transloaded.  It has road access and a special gate so that trucks can get to the rail car to offload the railcar’s contents.  

Yard/Train Personnel

Conductor

A Conductor is the actual operator of a train engine that drives/directs a train from one point to another.  Generally, there are two types of Conductors.  A Local Conductor is responsible for servicing local industry customers close to their assigned rail yard. A Road Conductor is responsible for the movement of trains from one yard to another yard, generally located in another city or state.

Yard Foreman

A conductor that has been assigned to jobs within a rail yard.  Typically operate inside of large rail yards.

Trainmaster

A railroad employee in charge of conductors.  They manage local train operations and make decisions on local train movements.

Yardmaster

A railroad employee who is in charge of a rail yard and yard operations.  They are responsible to ensure that rail yards remain fluid and that all jobs within, out of, and into the yard are completed on time every day.

Yard Tower

Like an Air Tower at an airport, a Yard Tower is a centralized height advantaged point in a rail yard where the yard master and their team members can overlook the yard.  Many Yard Towers are no longer in service as rail operations have changed with modern technology and methods to track railcar movements.

Switchman

Switchmen work in the rail yard under the direction of a yardmaster. They build trains by switching cars out of storage tracks in the yard into a yard departure track. They also pick up and switch out inbound cars into the yard that are going to be moved locally or placed on a different outbound train.

Brakeman

Originally a brakeman was a member of a railroad train’s crew responsible for assisting with train braking. A brakeman’s duties also included ensuring that the couplings between cars were properly set, lining switches, and signaling to the train operators while performing switching operations.  The brakemen typically rode in the caboose, the last car in the train. Today trains operate without brakemen.  Brakemen are now responsible for making sure that cars are properly coupled/connected.

Dispatcher

A railroad employee who controls the departures of trains according to weather conditions and in the interest of efficient service. Often located in centralized operations centers.

Track/Yard Names

Main

The Main line is track that is used for through trains and is the principal artery of the system from which branch lines, yards, sidings and spurs are connected. It generally refers to a route between towns or rail yards. For capacity reasons, many Main Lines are double tracked, and some have 4+ multiple parallel tracks. Main line tracks are typically operated at higher speeds than branch lines, and are generally built and maintained to a higher standard than yards and branch lines.

Shop

Area/Tracks in the yard where cars are taken for repairs. Specifically one of the shop tracks will be designated as the RIP (repair in transit) Track where the repairs are actually done.

Scale

Many Classification yards also have a Scale Track. It is a track with a scale built into it so that rail cars can be weighed.

Cleaning

Some rail yards and most private customer rail yards have Cleaning tracks/facilities.  This is an area of the yard or certain tracks where the interior of railcars can be cleaned.

Spur

There are two common definitions of a Rail Spur. First, a branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a Main Line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line. Little used branch lines are often spun off from larger railroads to become new common carrier short-line railroads of their own. Throughout the United States and Canada, branch lines serve to link smaller towns or cities located too distant from the main line to be served efficiently. Second, a Spur is also known as a smaller track within a rail yard usually holding 20 or fewer cars that can only be switched from one end of the track. It is usually used for temporary railcar storage.

Siding

A Rail Siding is track off the Main Line to marshal or hold cars on temporary basis. Sidings are usually not as well maintained as Main Line track. 

Storage

A track or tracks used for storage within the yard.